Early-Onset Gonadoblastoma in a 13-Month-Old Infant with 46,XY Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis Identified with Prenatal Testing: A Case of Chromosome 9P Deletion

ABSTRACT Objective Individuals with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD) are at high risk of developing gonadal neoplasms. Chromosome 9p monosomy with deletion of the DMRT1 gene, a key transcription factor in testicular development, is one of the known causes of 46,XY CGD. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is being increasingly used, and can identify disorders of sexual development (DSDs). Methods We report the case of a 46,XY infant with phenotypically female external genitalia, müllerian structures including uterus and fallopian tubes, and bilateral streak gonads who was found to have unilateral gonadoblastoma at 13 months. 46,XY DSD was suggested prenatally when discordance between NIPT and fetal ultrasound was noted. Results Genetic investigation revealed a deletion of 12.5 million base pairs at chromosome 9p24.3, which includes the doublesex and MAB-3-related transcription factor-1 (DMRT1) gene. Conclusion Current guidelines recommend gonadectomy at the time of diagnosis in cases of 46,XY CGD, and our patient had gonadoblastoma at 13 months. 46,XY DSD, including rare disorders such as CGD, will be increasingly identified before birth with more widespread use of NIPT, raising the question about the appropriate timing of gonadectomy in prenatal diagnoses. Our case supports the current recommendation to perform gonadectomy as early as possible after diagnosis.